[
  {
    "factor_id": "beef-amp-grazing",
    "crop_id": "beef",
    "factor": "Adaptive Multi-Paddock (AMP) rotational grazing",
    "factor_category": "Grazing / forage management",
    "direction": "positive",
    "effect_type": "yield_gain",
    "effect_size": 26.5,
    "effect_unit": "%",
    "ci_lower": 18.0,
    "ci_upper": 35.0,
    "conditions": "High stock density (>50,000 kg liveweight/ha) with short grazing periods (<1-3 days) and prolonged plant recovery periods (45-90 days) on native and tame rangeland.",
    "study_count": 35,
    "evidence_type": "field_trial",
    "evidence_strength": "High",
    "prairie_relevance": "high",
    "source_title": "Adaptive multi-paddock grazing enhances soil carbon, water infiltration, and forage productivity on northern Great Plains ranches",
    "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2020.10.003",
    "notes": "Increases carrying capacity (AUM/ha) by 20-40% and daily liveweight gains through vegetative forage harvest.",
    "potential_yield_effect": 26.5
  },
  {
    "factor_id": "beef-biostimulant-probiotics-enzymes",
    "crop_id": "beef",
    "factor": "Biostimulants & Direct-Fed Microbials: Saccharomyces cerevisiae & enzyme blends",
    "factor_category": "Biostimulants",
    "direction": "positive",
    "effect_type": "yield_gain",
    "effect_size": 9.8,
    "effect_unit": "%",
    "ci_lower": 5.5,
    "ci_upper": 14.0,
    "conditions": "Feeding active dry live yeast (S. cerevisiae) and fibrolytic enzymes in backgrounding and finishing feedlot rations.",
    "study_count": 28,
    "evidence_type": "meta_analysis",
    "evidence_strength": "High",
    "prairie_relevance": "high",
    "source_title": "Meta-analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae live yeast supplementation on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and growth performance in beef cattle",
    "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz188",
    "notes": "Stabilizes rumen pH, stimulates lactic acid-utilizing bacteria (Megasphaera elsdenii), and boosts fiber digestion.",
    "potential_yield_effect": 9.8
  },
  {
    "factor_id": "beef-ration-energy-bypass-protein",
    "crop_id": "beef",
    "factor": "Ration balancing: Net energy for gain (NEg) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP)",
    "factor_category": "Animal nutrition",
    "direction": "positive",
    "effect_type": "yield_gain",
    "effect_size": 18.2,
    "effect_unit": "%",
    "ci_lower": 12.5,
    "ci_upper": 24.0,
    "conditions": "Formulating high-energy finishing diets (NEg >1.35-1.45 Mcal/kg dry matter) with balanced RUP (distillers grains/canola meal) in feedlot steers.",
    "study_count": 32,
    "evidence_type": "field_trial",
    "evidence_strength": "High",
    "prairie_relevance": "high",
    "source_title": "Energetic efficiency, rumen undegradable protein, and carcass composition in Western Canadian feedlot steers",
    "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-076",
    "notes": "Elevates Average Daily Gain (ADG) to 1.6-2.0 kg/day and improves feed-to-gain ratio (F:G <6.0).",
    "potential_yield_effect": 18.2
  },
  {
    "factor_id": "beef-winter-cold-stress",
    "crop_id": "beef",
    "factor": "Severe winter cold stress (temperatures <-20°C with wind chill)",
    "factor_category": "Stress",
    "direction": "negative",
    "effect_type": "yield_loss",
    "effect_size": -22.0,
    "effect_unit": "%",
    "ci_lower": -32.0,
    "ci_upper": -12.0,
    "conditions": "Winter temperatures below lower critical temperature (LCT, -15 to -25°C) without windbreaks, bedding packs, or boosted ration energy density.",
    "study_count": 24,
    "evidence_type": "review",
    "evidence_strength": "High",
    "prairie_relevance": "high",
    "source_title": "Cold stress in wintering beef cattle: Energy expenditure mechanisms, maintenance requirement shifts, and mitigation strategies",
    "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa112",
    "notes": "Maintenance energy requirements increase by 1-2% per °C drop below LCT, draining digestible energy away from gain.",
    "potential_yield_effect": -22.0
  },
  {
    "factor_id": "beef-brd-prevention",
    "crop_id": "beef",
    "factor": "Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) preconditioning & vaccination",
    "factor_category": "Animal health",
    "direction": "positive",
    "effect_type": "yield_gain",
    "effect_size": 21.5,
    "effect_unit": "%",
    "ci_lower": 14.0,
    "ci_upper": 29.0,
    "conditions": "Preconditioning calves 45 days prior to feedlot entry with 5-way viral (IBR/BVD/PI3/BRSV) and Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid vaccination.",
    "study_count": 36,
    "evidence_type": "meta_analysis",
    "evidence_strength": "High",
    "prairie_relevance": "high",
    "source_title": "Economic and animal health impacts of preconditioning and vaccination programs on feedlot morbidity, mortality, and carcass value",
    "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.05.002",
    "notes": "Reduces feedlot pull rates by 50-70%, prevents irreversible lung scarring, and preserves AAA/Prime marbling grades.",
    "potential_yield_effect": 21.5
  },
  {
    "factor_id": "beef-organic-grass-fed-premium",
    "crop_id": "beef",
    "factor": "Certification & Profitability: Certified Organic & 100% Grass-Fed finished beef premium",
    "factor_category": "Economics & Certification",
    "direction": "positive",
    "effect_type": "price_premium",
    "effect_size": 42.0,
    "effect_unit": "% premium",
    "ci_lower": 30.0,
    "ci_upper": 65.0,
    "conditions": "Certified organic and 100% grass-fed finished finished beef carcasses command $4.80–$6.25/lb ($10.50–$13.75/kg) rail grade compared to conventional baseline of $3.40–$4.20/lb ($7.50–$9.25/kg) (+30% to +65% premium).",
    "study_count": 20,
    "evidence_type": "economic_benchmark",
    "evidence_strength": "High",
    "prairie_relevance": "high",
    "source_title": "Canfax Research Services & Certified Organic Beef Market Analysis",
    "source_url": "https://www.canfax.ca/",
    "notes": "Requires 100% certified organic pasture/forage and strict antibiotic/hormone-free protocols. Finishing timeline extends by 3-6 months (20-26 months vs 15-18 months conventional), generating +25% to +50% higher net margin per head under direct retail contracts.",
    "potential_yield_effect": null
  },
  {
    "factor_id": "beef-crsb-sustainable-certified",
    "crop_id": "beef",
    "factor": "Certification & Profitability: CRSB Certified Sustainable Beef Framework qualifying credits",
    "factor_category": "Economics & Certification",
    "direction": "positive",
    "effect_type": "price_premium",
    "effect_size": 6.0,
    "effect_unit": "% premium",
    "ci_lower": 3.0,
    "ci_upper": 10.0,
    "conditions": "Cow-calf and feedlot operations certified under Canadian Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (CRSB) standards receive qualifying chain-of-custody credit payouts of $15–$30/head from participating packers (Cargill, JBS) and fast-food buyers (McDonald's).",
    "study_count": 12,
    "evidence_type": "economic_benchmark",
    "evidence_strength": "High",
    "prairie_relevance": "high",
    "source_title": "Canadian Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (CRSB) Annual Certification Payout & Audit Reports",
    "source_url": "https://crsbcertified.ca/",
    "notes": "Seamlessly layers onto conventional operations with audited animal care, habitat conservation, and biosecurity protocols.",
    "potential_yield_effect": null
  }
]