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"abstractText": "Introduction
The diverse Hyrcanian relic forests in the Caspian region are increasingly threatened by more frequent and severe climate change-related droughts. This study investigated morphophysiological and biochemical responses to drought in two endemic tree species of the Hyrcanian forests, Pyrus boisseriana Buhse and Quercus atropatena Schwarz.Methods
In a 120-day greenhouse experiment, seedlings of each species were exposed to two different irrigation treatments (FC100 and FC40, representing the percentage of field capacity).Results
Under FC100 conditions, all morphological characteristics of Q. atropatena were significantly greater compared to those of P. boisseriana. FC40-exposed P. boisseriana and Q. atropatena seedlings exhibited statistically significant declines in photosynthesis (-55, -49.6%), transpiration (-11.8, -21.7%), intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) (-54.8, -8.3%), mesophyll conductance (g m) (-58.5, -49.5%) and RWC (only Q. atropatena: -22%), respectively, and an increase in leaf temperature. Likewise, FC40-treated P. boisseriana and Q. atropatena seedlings displayed an increase in proline (+390.8, +46.5%), and a decline in carotenoids (-19.9, -14.5%), respectively. Drought stress had smaller impacts on radial and height growth, photosynthesis, C i, g m, EL and MDA, in Q. atropatena compared to P. boisseriana, indicating greater drought tolerance in the former.Discussion
These findings imply a prioritization of Q. atropatena in forest management and conservation planning in arid and semi-arid Hyrcanian forests, especially given future climate scenarios. Our results also offer valuable insights for nursery managers facing water scarcity and for stakeholders involved in afforestation and reforestation initiatives aimed at cultivating these two species. Since tree species selection is essential to maintaining forest sustainability, our research adds to the ongoing discussion about the drought tolerance of tree species during the critical seedling stage, particularly in the context of climate change.",
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"title": "<i>Terminalia arjuna</i> Switches from Adaptive to Survival Strategy Under Severe Water Stress.",
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"abstractText": "Terminalia arjuna (Arjun) is a tropical deciduous tree species significantly valued for its pharmaceutical properties for various heart diseases, as well as its economic role in the sericulture industry. However, the growth performance and physiological responses of T. arjuna under water stress conditions remain largely unexplored, particularly in the context of increasing climate variability and the growing challenges posed by climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the morpho-physio-biochemical alterations, nutrient uptake changes, and adaptive strategies under different degrees of water stress with respect to field capacity (Fwc), maintained at 100% Fwc (control), 75% Fwc (mild), 50% Fwc (moderate), and 25% Fwc (severe). Key growth parameters, including shoot and root length, leaf traits and shoot dry biomass, were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced under the given water stresses. Root dry biomass showed a distinct response, increasing under mild to moderate water stress but failing to sustain its levels under severe stress. Increasing drought severity resulted in a substantial reduction in stomatal density (15-37%), while stomatal size increased (18-49%) under mild to moderate stress but decreased under severe stress. These responses were associated with significant reductions in gas exchange traits (45-75%), whereas water use efficiency increased by 59-99%, reflecting a survival-focused adaptive mechanism. Moderate water stress triggered the stress responses in T. arjuna through high proline accumulation and increased oxidative stress markers. The most critical impact was found under the severe stress with a substantial reduction in leaf relative water content and membrane stability index (MSI), although MSI was sustained above the critical threshold, reflecting cellular protection. Increased stress intensity also altered mineral uptake, decreased major nutrients, and increased potassium and calcium content, indicating an adaptive strategy. These findings suggest a threshold effect, where T. arjuna tolerates mild stress well and activates adaptive morpho-physiological mechanisms under moderate stress but shifts to survival-focused strategies under severe stress. The demonstrated tolerance of Terminalia arjuna to mild-moderate drought suggests that climate-resilient forestry policies and conservation programs should prioritize its cultivation and restoration in drought-prone landscapes while ensuring adequate water management to prevent severe stress and sustain its medicinal and economic benefits.",
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"authorString": "Fitch A, Goldsmith S, D'Amato AW, Legge EOL, Adamchak A, Gannon D, Kosiba AM, Evans K, Hicks Pries C.",
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"abstractText": "Overstory trees rely on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi for establishment and growth. However, we know very little about how timber harvesting affects the biotic (e.g., mycorrhizal fungi) and abiotic (e.g., nutrient availability) legacies left behind by AM and EcM trees. These belowground mycorrhizal legacies, including potential shifts in abundance of mycorrhizal fungi, may differentially affect seedling success. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated how the legacy of AM and EcM forest stands affected seedling survival and growth, soil fungal communities, and soil chemistry including nutrient availability and pH following timber harvesting in a temperate hardwood forest. We established 16 plots, half of which were AM- and half of which were EcM-dominated. Eight of the 16 plots were harvested and then planted with four AM- and four EcM-associated seedling species in a split-plot design. The eight unharvested control plots allowed us to compare changes in fungal biomass, and soil pH and nutrients in the harvested plots to a baseline. AM fungal biomass decreased in both AM and EcM plots only in the first fall after timber harvesting, while EcM fungal biomass continued to decrease in both AM and EcM plots over three growing seasons. The mycorrhizal legacy also affected seedling success; AM seedlings had higher survival when planted in AM legacy plots, but there was no effect on EcM seedlings. AM and EcM seedling growth was unaffected by legacy. Patterns in foliar nitrogen (N) showed that although AM seedlings closer to plot edges may have acquired more N through mycorrhizal fungi relative to EcM seedlings at plot edges, they also had lower percent N, indicating a tradeoff between increased access to mycorrhizal networks and competition with proximity to live roots. Alternatively, this mycorrhizal legacy effect could have been driven by preexisting soil characteristics. Given that some AM tree species are sensitive to soil calcium (Ca), higher soil extractable Ca in AM legacy plots suggests a complex set of mechanisms driving seedling success beyond potential access to mycorrhizal fungi.",
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"title": "Drought and heatwave synergy alters organ-level C:N stoichiometry and carbohydrate dynamics in subtropical tree seedlings.",
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"abstractText": "Introduction
Frequency and intensity of \"hot droughts\" are escalating globally, yet the physiological mechanisms governing tree resilience to the synergistic impacts of water deficiency and heatwaves remain poorly understood.Methods
Here, we investigated the dynamics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in leaves, stems, and roots of three subtropical tree seedlings (Schima superba, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, and Phoebe bournei) during combined stress and subsequent rehydration.Results
Our results demonstrate that combined stress triggers a \"dual-deficit\" mechanism-simultaneous cessation of carbon assimilation and accelerated respiratory consumption, as inferred from the significant depletion of organ-specific NSC pools-that exerts a more profound impact on NSC pools than on C-N stoichiometry. Structural equation modeling revealed a spatiotemporal division of labor where seedlings prioritize acute hydraulic safety by sacrificing foliar metabolic performance, incurring a delayed \"metabolic debt\" in roots that manifests as significant legacy effects during recovery.Discussion
Crucially, the three species exhibited divergent strategies to manage this metabolic capital: S. superba displayed high resilience through \"physiological re-priming,\" rapidly restoring foliar source capacity; C. glauca adopted a \"conservative buffering\" strategy, sequestering NSC in stems to bridge the gap between resistance and hydraulic recovery; conversely, P. bournei suffered from a maladaptive \"root-leaf decoupling,\" where structural rigidity in roots impeded the remobilization of reserves, leading to systemic NSC depletion indicative of potential carbon starvation. These findings underscore that resilience to compound climate extremes depends not merely on static resistance traits, but on the flexibility of inter-organ coordination to resolve the metabolic debts of recovery.",
"affiliation": "College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.",
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"abstractText": "The use of bacterial inoculants in forestry is a promising strategy to enhance seedling quality, reduce costs, and promote sustainable cultivation. This study evaluates the effects of a multi-strain bacterial consortium on Eucalyptus seedlings, considering the plant growth, microbial community composition, and seedling quality. A consortium consisting of one representative from each of five bacterial genera - Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Paraburkholderia, Methylobacterium, and Mesorhizobium - was applied to three Eucalyptus clones, a large field experiment was conducted in a tree nursery. To assess the root endophytic community composition, samples were processed and analyzed using 16 S rRNA metabarcoding sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities present. After 13 weeks, we assessed microbial diversity, morphological seedling traits, and survival rates. While inoculation did not significantly affect bacterial richness and diversity, it altered the root microbial community structure. Two genotypes exhibited improved seedling quality, with a higher proportion classified into superior categories, and one genotype showed a significant reduction in mortality (from 21.8% to 6.7%). Additionally, inoculated seedlings displayed reduced relative abundance of Ralstonia, a genus that includes vascular phytopathogenic species responsible for Eucalyptus wilt disease. Biomass allocation patterns varied, indicating genotype-specific responses to inoculation. These findings underscore the potential of bacterial consortia to enhance Eucalyptus seedling resilience and productivity, presenting a sustainable alternative to conventional forestry practices.",
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"doi": "10.1093/treephys/tpag048",
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"abstractText": "Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases nutrient uptake of the host plant, and it can also improve their stress tolerance. Roots are considered the most frost-sensitive plant parts. However, the freezing tolerance of mycorrhizas, and especially arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM), is poorly understood. Here, we studied the freezing tolerance and recovery of AM and non-mycorrhizal (NM) Thuja occidentalis (L.). After a simulated summer and autumn, whole-plant freezing tests were done using seven exposure temperatures from 5 °C to -45 °C. Then freezing damage of needles was assessed by relative electrolyte leakage. The seedlings were kept for 2 weeks in long-day recovery conditions with day temperature either 10 °C or 22 °C, and then visual damage, shoot and root mass, nutrient concentrations and mycorrhizal colonization were analyzed. Before the frost exposure, AM plants had higher phosphorus (P) concentrations and similar growth to NM plants. Needle freezing tolerance was -23 °C (corresponding to lethal temperature for 50% of specimens) and was not affected by AM. Visual investigation after the recovery period showed a similar result. Lower foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and root mass in seedlings exposed to -18 °C in both AM and NM plants suggests that fine-root damage had taken place already before -18 °C. Recovery in 22 °C increased nutrient uptake and growth only in seedlings exposed to +5 °C and -5 °C, but specific root length increased also after -18 °C. The AM plant shoots grew less than NM ones during the recovery period. Arbuscular mycorrhizas increased foliar N during recovery in all non-lethally exposed seedlings, and P concentrations in seedlings exposed to +5 °C and -5 °C. This was due to a concentration effect by the lower dry mass increment. These results suggest that the functioning of AM fungi can be limited by short growing seasons or in cold soil conditions, which may affect their distribution in cold regions.",
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"abstractText": "Drought stress profoundly affects plant growth and survival, but comparisons of integrated adaptive strategies across multiple tree species remain unclear. In this study, seedlings of Elaeagnus angustifolia (E. angustifolia), Populus euphratica (P. euphratica) and Xanthoceras sorbifolium (X. sorbifolium) were subjected to well-watered (CK), mild (T1), moderate (T2), and severe (T3) drought treatments. Leaf microanatomical traits, non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), stoichiometric elements, biomass allocation, and key stress indicators were measured. The results showed that P. euphratica seedlings thickened leaves and vascular tissues and accumulated soluble sugars (SSs) and starch (ST) under T1-T2, but under T3, they prioritized root investment (root biomass +26.0%); their antioxidant enzymes were activated only under mild-to-moderate stress and declined under severe stress. E. angustifolia seedlings exhibited moderate leaf structural thickening, sharply increased root biomass (+97.2% under T3) while maintaining stem biomass, continuously elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) as well as osmoregulatory substances (soluble protein SP, proline Pro), and showed the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) content; their leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents decreased the least, and their stoichiometric ratios remained stable. In contrast, X. sorbifolium seedlings progressively reduced leaf thickness and vascular area, depleted NSC reserves, exhibited unstable antioxidant responses, showed a significant decrease in Pro under severe drought, accumulated the highest MDA, and had the lowest N/P ratio, indicating the strongest nitrogen limitation. These results demonstrate that E. angustifolia combines structural plasticity, efficient nutrient use, robust osmotic adjustment, and sustained antioxidant capacity, conferring the strongest drought tolerance; P. euphratica* shows moderate tolerance through transient structural and carbon investment but suffers under extreme drought; X. sorbifolium has the weakest drought tolerance.",
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"abstractText": "Tree seedling recruitment, encompassing germination and growth, is crucial for natural and artificial propagation. Recruitment depends on the interplay of biotic and abiotic modifiers and can be influenced by experimental treatments and nursery methodologies, such as seed priming techniques and seedling treatments, which affect the success of forest restoration and nursery operations. Despite extensive research, the effects of natural modifiers and treatments across species remain poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of 91 peer-reviewed articles to identify patterns and knowledge gaps on the effects of natural modifiers, seed priming, and seedling treatments on seedling recruitment. Our Scopus search focused on experimental studies of tree germination and seedling fitness in temperate and subtropical species. Starting with 266 articles, we critically appraised them for internal validity using two sets of criteria and independent evaluators. Data on tree responses of studies with internal validity were categorized and analyzed narratively. Most reviewed studies (60.5%) focused on abiotic modifiers. Seedling-focused studies (66.6%) outnumbered seed-focused ones (33.4%). Overall, 42.2% of the studies reported nonsignificant effects. Fertilization, temperature, precipitation, pollution, and light availability had mostly nonsignificant effects on seedling recruitment. Soil moisture, snow cover, and soil scarification had positive effects, while shading negatively impacted seedlings. Mixed biotic and abiotic modifiers showed inconclusive results. Mycorrhizal associations promoted recruitment, while competition had mixed effects. Seed stratification was more effective than scarification or chemical treatments in promoting germination. To advance understanding of tree recruitment processes, we recommend studies on seedling treatments, mycorrhizal associations, fertilization, warm stratification, scarification, and chemical treatment across species. Frequent nonsignificant results suggest reassessing ecological hypotheses, incorporating context-specific variables, and adopting more robust experimental designs. A trait-based approach seems essential for identifying broader patterns and enhancing conservation and restoration outcomes.",
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"doi": "10.3390/plants14243760",
"title": "Advances in Potassium Silicate-Induced Drought Tolerance in Tropical Tree Seedlings: Effects on Morphological Traits, Physiological Responses, and Biochemical Regulation.",
"authorString": "Henintsoa Nomenaharinaivo S, Donno D, Rosso L, Gamba G, Andriamaniraka H, Beccaro G.",
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"yearOfPublication": 2025,
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"title": "Plants (Basel, Switzerland)",
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"abstractText": "Water stress is among the most important abiotic constraints affecting forest ecosystem functioning and regeneration, a phenomenon expected to intensify with climate change. It impacts photosynthesis, growth, and seedling survival, therefore threatening biodiversity and accelerating forest degradation. The use of silicon-based biostimulants has emerged as a way of mitigating the effects of water stress by improving water status and stimulating mechanical and biochemical defense. However, its effectiveness on forest tree species remains poorly explored. This study examines how potassium silicate (PS) alleviates the effects of drought on Canarium madagascariense, with the aim of improving our understanding of the resilience mechanisms of tropical forest species. To do this, an experiment with 135 two-year-old C. madagascariense saplings has been conducted, testing three irrigation levels in combination with the addition of potassium silicate (PS) at concentrations of 5 and 10 mM, via foliar spraying and soil application. Morphometric and physiological parameters were monitored, followed by the biochemical profiling of the induced responses. Linear mixed models were computed to assess the effects of the different factors on the different growth performance, physiological functioning parameters over time, and ANOVA was used for evaluating the punctual data on the biochemical compounds. Drought had a significant impact on the morphological and physiological behaviour of the seedlings. However, the application of PS modified the drought-induced changes, even at a low concentration of 5 mM. Biochemical defenses were also improved further with PS application. Hormone profiling revealed a predominance of auxins, while abscisic acid was lower in the water stress treatments under drought. Therefore, using PS could support the production of robust seedlings that are more tolerant of, and adaptive to, the challenges of climate change, making restoration more efficient.",
"affiliation": "Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.",
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"Phytohormones Regulation",
"Silicon-Based Biostimulant",
"Water Stress Adaptation"
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