Bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) is a high-value vegetable crop with a projected global market size of $6-7 billion by 2033. Despite their broad adaptability, bell pepper acreage and yield in the United States have declined since 2000, both in open field and greenhouse conditions, largely due to increased production challenges such as international market competition, production and labor costs, and climate challenges. Some of these effects include more frequent abiotic stress events such as drought and heat, as well as heightened pest and disease pressure. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been proposed as a biological strategy to improve crop resilience through enhanced water and nutrient acquisition; however, their effectiveness in intensive vegetable production systems remains unclear. Here, we report two studies. The first one evaluated the effects of commercial AMF inoculation on water use, stress tolerance, and plant performance in greenhouse-grown bell peppers. Pot-grown plants were subjected to well-watered and water-deficit irrigation regimes, with and without AMF inoculation. Water-deficit irrigation reduced fruit yield by approximately 50% compared to well-watered conditions, and AMF inoculation did not mitigate the effects of water deficit. A subsequent experiment assessed the influence of inoculation timing and method under two nitrogen fertilizer rates. No significant effects of inoculation treatment were also observed on plant growth or yield. These results indicate that irrigation and nutrient limitations exert a strong influence on greenhouse bell pepper productivity and suggest a limited benefit of AMF bioinoculants under controlled conditions.
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"abstractText": "Tomato is one of the most popular and consumed crops worldwide and its cultivation via hydroponic techniques is widespread. In this study, we evaluated the performance of an evolving management strategy through an iterative system design over 8 years in an integrated-rooftop greenhouse in Barcelona. Yield, solar radiation, water and nutrient consumption, and environmental impacts through Life Cycle Assessment were analysed. We hypothesized that improving irrigation management, partially substituting mineral fertilizers with recovered nutrients, and ensuring optimal solar radiation would enhance tomato productivity while reducing the environmental impact. The highest productivity was obtained in 2023 (49 g plant-1 day-1), in a cycle using 100 g plant-1 of struvite and in a cycle using mineral fertilization. The replacement of deteriorated polycarbonate sheets in 2023 increased greenhouse solar transmissivity and led to the highest productivity. Life Cycle Assessment impacts were mainly driven by crop yields, growing system characteristics, and energy required to power artificial lighting or nebulization systems, among other inputs. The lowest environmental impacts were obtained in the 2017 cycle (0.54 kg CO2 eq.) followed by the 2023 cycle (0.94 kg CO2 eq.), in which the highest yields were produced thanks to optimal solar transmissivity, dynamic fertigation, and/or struvite. The highest environmental impacts (3.84-12.05 kg CO2 eq.) were achieved in cycles with the lowest productivity (0.9-3.3 kg m-2) and in cycles using artificial lighting in the greenhouse (3.71 kg CO2 eq.) or in an indoor environment (7.07 kg CO2 eq.). Our findings demonstrate that statistically higher yields and environmental sustainability can be achieved by adopting struvite-based fertilization and regularly replacing the greenhouse covering material to ensure maximum light transmissivity. This research provides valuable and novel insights into optimizing tomato cultivation in rooftop greenhouses, achieving constant yields, and reducing the environmental footprints thus contributing to sustainable food production.
Supplementary information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-026-01118-6.",
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"abstractText": "Global vegetable production exceeded 1.2 billion tons in 2022, with bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) accounting for 37 million tons, a crop of high value due to its versatility, commercial demand, and nutritional properties. In the Dominican Republic, greenhouse vegetable production has experienced accelerated growth over the last 23 years, reaching over 10 million m2 of infrastructure and increasing pepper production from 9122 to 32,000 tons. However, limitations in technical information regarding nutritional management and substrate use persist, despite the extensive empirical experience of producers and technicians. This study evaluated the effect of three fertigation programs (low, medium, and high doses: FP1, FP2, and FP3) and three substrates (carbonized rice husk- CRH, coconut fiber-CF, and a 1:1 Mix) on 180 plants grown for 141 days in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized split-plot design. Growth, physiological, quality, and yield indicators were measured. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) explained 88% of the variability, showing that FP2 and FP3, combined with BRH and the 1:1 Mix, generated greater plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and canopy development, while FP1 and CF were associated with lower performance. Regarding fruit quality, the BRH and 1:1 Mix substrates yielded higher values for length, width, and weight, whereas °Brix content responded primarily to fertigation doses. Total yield confirmed this pattern, highlighting FP3-BRH as the best combination evaluated and FP1-CF as the one with the lowest productivity.",
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"abstractText": "Sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are an important dietary source of antioxidants. Optimizing fruit antioxidant quality under reduced inputs is essential to valorize sustainable pepper production. Here, we evaluated seven Spanish genotypes (traditional/local, derived experimental hybrids and commercial hybrids) across six treatments combining two fertilization (100% and 50%) and irrigation (100% and 75%) regimes, with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) applied under reduced fertilization treatments. Vitamin C and flavonoids were quantified by HPLC at the green-ripe and fully ripe stages, and carotenoids were determined spectrophotometrically at the fully ripe stage. Several genotypes largely maintained antioxidant content under stress treatments, whereas specific genotype × ripening stage combinations showed maximum increases in vitamin C (+102%), flavonoids (+86% for kaempferol) and carotenoids (+67% for yellow-orange carotenoids) under certain low-input treatments compared to the control. The PGPR effects on vitamin C and carotenoids were generally small, with occasional reductions. However, the PGPR increased total and some individual flavonoids by up to 96% (luteolin) in green-ripe Piquillo and 128% (quercetin) in fully ripe Isabel F1 fruits compared to the corresponding non-inoculated treatments. This multi-genotype, two ripening-stage evaluation identifies Spanish traditional germplasm and derived hybrids with stable or improved antioxidant profiles under low-input conditions and provides insight into PGPR effects. These results support the use of traditional genotypes in breeding for sustainable production.",
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"doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-8957663/v1",
"title": "Investigation of the efficiency of wicks irrigation system for greenhouse crops",
"authorString": "Emamzadei MRN, Mohammadi R, Ghasemi AR, Mohammadkhani A, Ostad-Ali-Askari K, Vanani HR.",
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"fullName": "Emamzadei MRN",
"firstName": "Mohammad Reza Nouri",
"lastName": "Emamzadei",
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{
"fullName": "Mohammadi R",
"firstName": "Reyhaneh",
"lastName": "Mohammadi",
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"fullName": "Ghasemi AR",
"firstName": "Ahmad Reza",
"lastName": "Ghasemi",
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{
"fullName": "Mohammadkhani A",
"firstName": "Abdolrahman",
"lastName": "Mohammadkhani",
"initials": "A"
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{
"fullName": "Ostad-Ali-Askari K",
"firstName": "Kaveh",
"lastName": "Ostad-Ali-Askari",
"initials": "K"
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{
"fullName": "Vanani HR",
"firstName": "Hamid Raeisi",
"lastName": "Vanani",
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"pubYear": "2026",
"abstractText": "Abstract
A. Objective This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of wick irrigation system for greenhouse crops as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized basic design with two factors wick type and planting medium in four levels and three replications in the research greenhouse of Shahrekord University. B. Methods For this purpose, the traits of total fresh and dry weight of shoot, average stem diameter, root dry weight, pH, soluble solids, RWC, vitamin C, fruit dry weight, fruit yield and water use efficiency were measured. C. Results The analysis of variance results indicated significant main effects and interaction effects of wick type and planting medium on various plant growth and yield indices. Water consumption was found to be significant at 5% and 1% confidence levels. However, the main effect of wick type on relative water content and substrate type on pH, as well as the interaction effect on several parameters, were not significant. The most favorable outcomes were observed with a specific substrate and wick type combination. D. Conclusion Therefore, the use of woven wire and wicks in the soil + cocopeat + fertilizer + perlite substrate increases plant water consumption as well as quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bell pepper.
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"doi": "10.3390/plants15131934",
"title": "Simulation of Dry Matter Production and N Uptake in Processing Pepper and Broccoli with the VegSyst Model Adapted to Outdoor Conditions.",
"authorString": "Vadillo JM, Campillo C, Gallardo M, Millán S, Prieto H.",
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"fullName": "Vadillo JM",
"firstName": "José María",
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"affiliation": "Department of Horticulture, Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Finca La Orden, Gobierno de Extremadura, Autovía A-V, km 372, Guadajira, 06187 Badajoz, Spain."
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"affiliation": "Department of Horticulture, Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Finca La Orden, Gobierno de Extremadura, Autovía A-V, km 372, Guadajira, 06187 Badajoz, Spain."
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"fullName": "Gallardo M",
"firstName": "Marisa",
"lastName": "Gallardo",
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"authorAffiliationDetailsList": {
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"affiliation": "Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain."
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"affiliation": "Department of Horticulture, Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Finca La Orden, Gobierno de Extremadura, Autovía A-V, km 372, Guadajira, 06187 Badajoz, Spain."
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"abstractText": "Horticultural intensification in Mediterranean areas has increased the risk of nitrate pollution due to inefficient irrigation and nitrogen fertilisation management. The availability of simulation models aimed at rational nitrogen management in outdoor crops is limited. The objective of this study is to adapt the VegSyst model, initially developed for greenhouse vegetables, for use in open-field conditions in relevant crops, such as processing peppers and broccoli in Extremadura. VegSyst simulates dry matter production and nitrogen uptake by incorporating the influence of evaporative demand (TUE approach) in addition to the effect of radiation (RUE approach). Experimental field data obtained in five campaigns (peppers: 2020-2022; broccoli: 2020 and 2022) under different nitrogen doses were used. The model was calibrated, and critical N dilution curves were developed for each crop. Subsequently, the simulation of fi-PAR, dry matter production (DMP) and N uptake was validated using statistical indices (RMSE, RE, d, EF) and regression analysis. The model showed a high predictive capacity for N uptake in both crops, with values of d ≥ 0.98 and EF ≥ 0.90 in the validation campaigns. The fi-PAR simulation was acceptable in peppers and excellent in broccoli. In contrast, the DMP prediction showed notable deviations in peppers, especially in 2022, attributable to interannual variations in weather conditions and physiological limitations not considered by the model. In both crops, the TUE-based strategy was a better fit for the measurements than the RUE-based strategy, indicating that under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions, transpiration is the limiting factor for biomass production. The adaptation of the VegSyst-Outdoors model proved to be robust for simulating N uptake and sufficiently accurate to be integrated into decision support tools aimed at efficient fertilisation and irrigation management.",
"affiliation": "Department of Horticulture, Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Finca La Orden, Gobierno de Extremadura, Autovía A-V, km 372, Guadajira, 06187 Badajoz, Spain.",
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"doi": "10.3390/plants15091301",
"title": "Three Bacterial Endophytes Enhanced Plant Growth and Yield and Reduced the Severity of <i>Phytophthora capsici</i> in Bell Pepper and Tomato Plants in the Field.",
"authorString": "Ambachew D, Mmbaga MT, Hall R, Eyegheleme P, Olawuni M, Robinson J, Rotich E.",
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"abstractText": "Naturally abundant endophytes colonize plants internally without causing harm to their host plants. Endophytes are likely to occupy the same ecological niches as phytopathogens and thus have a high potential to be effective biological control agents. Their demonstrated ability to suppress more than one plant pathogen suggests that they can offer a viable alternative to chemical fungicides and a strategy for decreasing the inoculum potential of soil-borne pathogens. Some biocontrol endophytes are also known to improve soil health and the overall health of plants. However, the results in greenhouse studies do not always translate to consistent field efficacy. In this study, the efficacy of three endophytic bacterial isolates (PRT (Bacillus subtilis), PSL (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), and IMC8 (Bacillus thuringiesis) were evaluated against Phytophthora capsici in a field environment and compared with two commercial biological fungicides, Serenade® (Bayer Crop Science, St Louis MO, USA) and Double Nickel® (Certis Biologicals, Columbia, MO, USA), and water control. Plants were inoculated with the bacteria strains using seed treatment for early plant colonization before transplanting to a field infested with P. capsici. Treatments with commercial bio-fungicides followed label recommendations. Data on plant growth vigor, disease severity, number of fruits, fruit size, total yield per plant, and percent of diseased fruits displayed significant differences between the bacteria treatments. While PRT was the best treatment for most traits, followed by PSL on pepper, PSL and Double Nickel were the best treatments on tomatoes. IMC8 was best for plant vigor and larger fruit size, but with fewer fruits per plant on both crops. This study suggests bacterial isolates PRT, PSL, and IMC8 can provide additional products for growth promotion and P. capsici disease management in pepper and tomatoes.",
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