{ "query": "lettuce AND (yield OR production) AND (nitrogen OR irrigation OR light)", "endpoint": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=lettuce+AND+%28yield+OR+production%29+AND+%28nitrogen+OR+irrigation+OR+light%29&resultType=core&pageSize=10&format=json", "payload": { "version": "6.9", "hitCount": 18500, "nextCursorMark": "AoIIQNYtnCg1NTExMzkyNg==", "nextPageUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=lettuce AND (yield OR production) AND (nitrogen OR irrigation OR light)&cursorMark=AoIIQNYtnCg1NTExMzkyNg==&resultType=core&pageSize=10&format=json", "request": { "queryString": "lettuce AND (yield OR production) AND (nitrogen OR irrigation OR light)", "resultType": "core", "cursorMark": "*", "pageSize": 10, "sort": "", "synonym": false }, "resultList": { "result": [ { "id": "42292865", "source": "MED", "pmid": "42292865", "pmcid": "PMC13260209", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC13260209" ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.mex.2026.103981", "title": "SCRUM: A simple model for estimating uptake of nitrogen and water by field crops.", "authorString": "Khaembah EN, Cichota R, Gee M, Brown HE.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "Khaembah EN", "firstName": "Edith N", "lastName": "Khaembah", "initials": "EN", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Cichota R", "firstName": "Rogerio", "lastName": "Cichota", "initials": "R", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Gee M", "firstName": "Megan", "lastName": "Gee", "initials": "M", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Brown HE", "firstName": "Hamish E", "lastName": "Brown", "initials": "HE", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand." } ] } } ] }, "dataLinksTagsList": { "dataLinkstag": [ "supporting_data" ] }, "journalInfo": { "volume": "16", "journalIssueId": 4079765, "dateOfPublication": "2026 Jun", "monthOfPublication": 6, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-06-01", "journal": { "title": "MethodsX", "medlineAbbreviation": "MethodsX", "essn": "2215-0161", "issn": "2215-0161", "isoabbreviation": "MethodsX", "nlmid": "101639829" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "103981", "abstractText": "This paper describes the Simple Crop Resource Uptake Model (SCRUM), a configurable generic crop model implemented in APSIM Next Generation's Plant Modelling Framework. SCRUM simulates crop development using a nine‑phase phenology coupled to a simplified plant module consisting of stover, product, root, and nodule (only in legumes) and a thermal‑time‑driven trajectory for daily potential growth. Water limitation is computed through APSIM's canopy energy balance (MicroClimate). Nitrogen uptake is determined by organ growth and tissue nitrogen targets, constrained by soil mineral nitrogen supply and supplemented by biological fixation when enabled. The generic and simple nature of SCRUM makes it easy for new crops to be configured using expert knowledge, enabling rapid set‑up for species and end‑uses where comprehensive crop models are unavailable. Model evaluation using field data indicated that SCRUM, in the APSIM framework, is a promising a tool that can utilised in the analysis of nitrogen and water management practices of across a range of conditions.•A generic, configurable crop model for rapid parameterization of data‑limited species and end‑uses.•Coupled water stress (canopy energy balance) and nitrogen dynamics (demand targets, supply constraints, optional fixation).•A transparent model description including structure, parameter inputs and assumptions.", "affiliation": "New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.", "publicationStatus": "epublish", "language": "eng", "pubModel": "Electronic-eCollection", "pubTypeList": { "pubType": [ "research-article", "Journal Article" ] }, "grantsList": { "grant": [ { "agency": "The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited", "orderIn": 0 } ] }, "keywordList": { "keyword": [ "Water balance", "Nitrogen balance", "Crop model", "Simple", "Farm Systems Modelling" ] }, "fullTextUrlList": { "fullTextUrl": [ { "availability": "Subscription required", "availabilityCode": "S", "documentStyle": "doi", "site": "DOI", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2026.103981" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "html", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13260209" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "pdf", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13260209?pdf=render" } ] }, "isOpenAccess": "Y", "inEPMC": "Y", "inPMC": "Y", "hasPDF": "Y", "hasBook": "N", "hasSuppl": "N", "citedByCount": 0, "hasData": "Y", "hasReferences": "Y", "hasTextMinedTerms": "Y", "hasDbCrossReferences": "N", "hasLabsLinks": "N", "license": "cc by", "hasEvaluations": "N", "authMan": "N", "epmcAuthMan": "N", "nihAuthMan": "N", "hasTMAccessionNumbers": "Y", "tmAccessionTypeList": { "accessionType": [ "doi" ] }, "dateOfCompletion": "2026-06-15", "dateOfCreation": "2026-06-15", "firstIndexDate": "2026-06-16", "fullTextReceivedDate": "2026-06-13", "dateOfRevision": "2026-08-13", "electronicPublicationDate": "2026-06-02", "firstPublicationDate": "2026-06-02" }, { "id": "41957148", "source": "MED", "pmid": "41957148", "pmcid": "PMC13219464", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC13219464" ] }, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-47274-3", "title": "Growth, yield and economic performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization under irrigation in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.", "authorString": "Shibabaw S, Alemayehu M, Asnake D.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "Shibabaw S", "firstName": "Sefinew", "lastName": "Shibabaw", "initials": "S", "authorId": { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0009-0000-7446-0171" }, "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. sefinewshibabaw97@gmail.com." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Alemayehu M", "firstName": "Melkamu", "lastName": "Alemayehu", "initials": "M", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Asnake D", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Asnake", "initials": "D", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia." } ] } } ] }, "authorIdList": { "authorId": [ { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0003-1080-2245" }, { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0009-0000-7446-0171" } ] }, "dataLinksTagsList": { "dataLinkstag": [ "supporting_data" ] }, "journalInfo": { "issue": "1", "volume": "16", "journalIssueId": 4168316, "dateOfPublication": "2026 Apr", "monthOfPublication": 4, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-04-01", "journal": { "title": "Scientific reports", "medlineAbbreviation": "Sci Rep", "essn": "2045-2322", "issn": "2045-2322", "isoabbreviation": "Sci Rep", "nlmid": "101563288" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "16686", "abstractText": "Lettuce is a popular salad crop and an important cash leafy vegetable, with growing demand in urban and peri-urban areas of Ethiopia. Despite this, research on soil fertility management for lettuce is limited, and productivity remains low. This experiment evaluated the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rates on lettuce growth and yield under irrigation in 2025 at Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. The experiment comprised five nitrogen rates (0, 46, 92, 138, and 184 kg ha-1 N) and four phosphorus rates (0, 23, 46, and 92 kg ha-1 P2O5), arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data were analyzed using R software. Results revealed that the main effects of nitrogen and phosphorus rates significantly (P ≤ 0.001) influenced plant height, number of leaves per plant, and leaf width of lettuce, while leaf length was not affected by phosphorus rates. The interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly (P ≤ 0.001) influenced days to maturity, fresh weight of leaf per plant, marketable fresh leaf yield, and total fresh leaf yield. Partial budget analysis revealed that the highest net benefit (241,070 ETB ha-1) with a marginal rate of return of 190.51% was achieved from the application of 138 kg ha-1 N with 92 kg ha-1 P2O5. This combination was identified as economically optimal and can be recommended for lettuce production in the study area and similar agro-ecological zones. However, the experiment was conducted at a single location and over one season, which may limit generalizability. Varietal differences and environmental impacts were also not assessed; hence, future research should include multi-location, multi-season trials and evaluate varietal differences and environmental impacts.", "affiliation": "Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. sefinewshibabaw97@gmail.com.", "publicationStatus": "epublish", "language": "eng", "pubModel": "Electronic", "pubTypeList": { "pubType": [ "research-article", "Journal Article" ] }, "meshHeadingList": { "meshHeading": [ { "majorTopic_YN": "N", "descriptorName": "Plant Leaves", "meshQualifierList": { "meshQualifier": [ { "abbreviation": "GD", "qualifierName": "growth & development", "majorTopic_YN": "N" } ] } }, { "majorTopic_YN": "Y", "descriptorName": "Nitrogen", "meshQualifierList": { "meshQualifier": [ { "abbreviation": "PD", "qualifierName": "pharmacology", "majorTopic_YN": "N" } ] } }, { "majorTopic_YN": "Y", "descriptorName": "Phosphorus", "meshQualifierList": { "meshQualifier": [ { "abbreviation": "PD", "qualifierName": "pharmacology", "majorTopic_YN": "N" } ] } }, { "majorTopic_YN": "N", "descriptorName": "Soil", "meshQualifierList": { "meshQualifier": [ { "abbreviation": "CH", "qualifierName": "chemistry", "majorTopic_YN": "N" } ] } }, { "majorTopic_YN": "Y", "descriptorName": "Fertilizers" }, { "majorTopic_YN": "N", "descriptorName": "Ethiopia" }, { "majorTopic_YN": "Y", "descriptorName": "Agricultural Irrigation", "meshQualifierList": { "meshQualifier": [ { "abbreviation": "MT", "qualifierName": "methods", "majorTopic_YN": "N" } ] } }, { "majorTopic_YN": "Y", "descriptorName": "Lactuca", "meshQualifierList": { "meshQualifier": [ { "abbreviation": "GD", "qualifierName": "growth & development", "majorTopic_YN": "N" } ] } } ] }, "keywordList": { "keyword": [ "Phosphorus nutrient", "Leafy vegetable", "Nitrogen Nutrient", "Paris Island Cos", "Fresh Leaf Yield" ] }, "chemicalList": { "chemical": [ { "name": "Fertilizers", "registryNumber": "0" }, { "name": "Soil", "registryNumber": "0" }, { "name": "Nitrogen", "registryNumber": "N762921K75" }, { "name": "Phosphorus", "registryNumber": "27YLU75U4W" } ] }, "subsetList": { "subset": [ { "code": "IM", "name": "Index Medicus" } ] }, "fullTextUrlList": { "fullTextUrl": [ { "availability": "Subscription required", "availabilityCode": "S", "documentStyle": "doi", "site": "DOI", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47274-3" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "html", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13219464" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "pdf", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13219464?pdf=render" } ] }, "isOpenAccess": "Y", "inEPMC": "Y", "inPMC": "Y", "hasPDF": "Y", "hasBook": "N", "hasSuppl": "N", "citedByCount": 0, "hasData": "Y", "hasReferences": "Y", "hasTextMinedTerms": "Y", "hasDbCrossReferences": "N", "hasLabsLinks": "N", "license": "cc by", "hasEvaluations": "N", "authMan": "N", "epmcAuthMan": "N", "nihAuthMan": "N", "hasTMAccessionNumbers": "Y", "tmAccessionTypeList": { "accessionType": [ "doi" ] }, "dateOfCompletion": "2026-07-14", "dateOfCreation": "2026-04-09", "firstIndexDate": "2026-04-10", "fullTextReceivedDate": "2026-06-02", "dateOfRevision": "2026-08-13", "electronicPublicationDate": "2026-04-09", "firstPublicationDate": "2026-04-09" }, { "id": "42179523", "source": "MED", "pmid": "42179523", "pmcid": "PMC13189842", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC13189842" ] }, "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2026.1806482", "title": "Greenhouse climate shapes nitrate levels, nutritional quality, and shelf life in leafy vegetables: species-specific responses.", "authorString": "Fanourakis D, Körner O, Makraki T, Spyrou GP, Karavidas I, Tsaniklidis G, Woltering E, Ntatsi G.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "Fanourakis D", "firstName": "Dimitrios", "lastName": "Fanourakis", "initials": "D", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Körner O", "firstName": "Oliver", "lastName": "Körner", "initials": "O", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Next-Generation Horticultural Systems, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Makraki T", "firstName": "Theodora", "lastName": "Makraki", "initials": "T", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Spyrou GP", "firstName": "George P", "lastName": "Spyrou", "initials": "GP", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Karavidas I", "firstName": "Ioannis", "lastName": "Karavidas", "initials": "I", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Tsaniklidis G", "firstName": "Georgios", "lastName": "Tsaniklidis", "initials": "G", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'ELGO-Dimitra', Heraklion, Greece." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Woltering E", "firstName": "Ernst", "lastName": "Woltering", "initials": "E", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands." }, { "affiliation": "Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Ntatsi G", "firstName": "Georgia", "lastName": "Ntatsi", "initials": "G", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece." } ] } } ] }, "dataLinksTagsList": { "dataLinkstag": [ "altmetrics", "supporting_data" ] }, "journalInfo": { "volume": "17", "journalIssueId": 4112080, "dateOfPublication": "2026 ", "monthOfPublication": 0, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-01-01", "journal": { "title": "Frontiers in plant science", "medlineAbbreviation": "Front Plant Sci", "essn": "1664-462X", "issn": "1664-462X", "isoabbreviation": "Front Plant Sci", "nlmid": "101568200" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "1806482", "abstractText": "This review synthesizes current knowledge on how greenhouse environmental conditions shape nitrate accumulation, nutritional quality, and shelf-life performance in lettuce, spinach, and rocket. Preharvest climate drivers interactively regulate nitrate reduction, pigment and phenolic biosynthesis, tissue structural integrity, and the physiological mechanisms determining postharvest longevity. These environmental effects influence postharvest performance by regulating carbohydrate reserves, antioxidant capacity, membrane stability, and calcium-mediated tissue integrity, which collectively determine the ability of harvested leaves to maintain metabolic homeostasis during storage. Light intensity and temperature exert the strongest influence, regulating carbon assimilation, nitrate reductase activity, and metabolic homeostasis. Adequate, well-distributed irradiance at moderate temperatures enhances chlorophyll, carotenoids, vitamin C, and phenolics while lowering nitrate levels. In contrast, low light or excessive heat suppress nitrate reduction, dilute pigments and antioxidants, and accelerate senescence. Relative air humidity (RH, via vapor pressure deficit), irrigation regime, and nutrient balance also affect quality by modulating water relations, calcium transport, and leaf structural integrity. Mild irrigation deficit and balanced nitrogen-potassium-calcium supply promote firmer tissues, reduced nitrate accumulation, and slower yellowing, whereas overirrigation or excessive nitrogen produces succulent leaves with limited storability. CO2 enrichment, diffuse-light films, and targeted mineral or biostimulant inputs can refine nutritional outcomes, although their effects are context-dependent and secondary to light and temperature. Species-specific sensitivities further guide climate optimization. Lettuce is particularly sensitive to low light and high RH, spinach is vulnerable to temperature-driven pigment loss, and rocket depends heavily on light quality and nitrogen balance to maintain antioxidant capacity and limit nitrate accumulation. Overall, harmonizing multiple environmental variables, rather than maximizing individual factors, offers the most effective pathway to achieving low nitrate levels, high nutritional density, and extended shelf life in greenhouse-grown leafy vegetables.", "affiliation": "Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece.", "publicationStatus": "epublish", "language": "eng", "pubModel": "Electronic-eCollection", "pubTypeList": { "pubType": [ "review-article", "Review", "Journal Article" ] }, "grantsList": { "grant": [ { "agency": "HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme", "orderIn": 0 }, { "agency": "Belmont Forum", "orderIn": 0 } ] }, "keywordList": { "keyword": [ "Chlorophyll", "Nitrate reductase", "Phenolics", "Lettuce", "Postharvest physiology", "shelf life", "Rocket", "Greenhouse Climate" ] }, "fullTextUrlList": { "fullTextUrl": [ { "availability": "Subscription required", "availabilityCode": "S", "documentStyle": "doi", "site": "DOI", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1806482" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "html", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13189842" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "pdf", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13189842?pdf=render" } ] }, "isOpenAccess": "Y", "inEPMC": "Y", "inPMC": "Y", "hasPDF": "Y", "hasBook": "N", "hasSuppl": "Y", "citedByCount": 0, "hasData": "Y", "hasReferences": "Y", "hasTextMinedTerms": "Y", "hasDbCrossReferences": "N", "hasLabsLinks": "Y", "license": "cc by", "hasEvaluations": "N", "authMan": "N", "epmcAuthMan": "N", "nihAuthMan": "N", "hasTMAccessionNumbers": "Y", "tmAccessionTypeList": { "accessionType": [ "doi" ] }, "dateOfCompletion": "2026-05-25", "dateOfCreation": "2026-05-25", "firstIndexDate": "2026-05-25", "fullTextReceivedDate": "2026-05-22", "dateOfRevision": "2026-08-13", "electronicPublicationDate": "2026-05-07", "firstPublicationDate": "2026-05-07" }, { "id": "41545460", "source": "MED", "pmid": "41545460", "pmcid": "PMC12820134", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC12820134" ] }, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-33826-6", "title": "IoT-driven smart irrigation system to improve water use efficiency.", "authorString": "Mohamed ZE, Afify MK, Badr MM, Omar OA.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "Mohamed ZE", "firstName": "Zeinab E", "lastName": "Mohamed", "initials": "ZE", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Agricultural Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Afify MK", "firstName": "M K", "lastName": "Afify", "initials": "MK", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Agricultural Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Badr MM", "firstName": "M M", "lastName": "Badr", "initials": "MM", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Agricultural Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt. MMBadr@agri.zu.edu.eg." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Omar OA", "firstName": "O A", "lastName": "Omar", "initials": "OA", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Center, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt." } ] } } ] }, "dataLinksTagsList": { "dataLinkstag": [ "supporting_data" ] }, "journalInfo": { "issue": "1", "volume": "16", "journalIssueId": 4082835, "dateOfPublication": "2026 Jan", "monthOfPublication": 1, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-01-01", "journal": { "title": "Scientific reports", "medlineAbbreviation": "Sci Rep", "essn": "2045-2322", "issn": "2045-2322", "isoabbreviation": "Sci Rep", "nlmid": "101563288" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "2609", "abstractText": "The agriculture sector is the cornerstone of many global economic entities, plays a central role in highly contributing to ensure food security and the gross domestic product. Difficulties caused by traditional irrigation methods, population growth, and climate change are leading to the development of current irrigation systems. This study presented a smart irrigation system using novel techniques like, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, embedded system and sensors. The smart system integrates real-time monitoring and control during irrigation, fertilization, and biopesticides application. A mobile application is implemented to monitor and control the entire system. Results showed that using wood vinegar at low concentrations is an effective way to improve water use efficiency, increase lettuce yield, and optimize disease control compared to other concentrations. The impact of 400 concentration on the evaluation criteria was found to achieve the best values at 26% moisture content. The smart system reduces water consumption by 47% and achieving a 43% increase in yield as well the lowest level of disease severity index with a value of 7.78%. The system proposed features real-time monitoring and control, improving water use efficiency and supporting smart agriculture practices as well as contribute to food and water security.", "affiliation": "Department of Agricultural Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.", "publicationStatus": "epublish", "language": "eng", "pubModel": "Electronic", "pubTypeList": { "pubType": [ "research-article", "Journal Article" ] }, "grantsList": { "grant": [ { "agency": "Zagazig University", "orderIn": 0 } ] }, "keywordList": { "keyword": [ "Sensors", "Water use efficiency", "Mobile Application", "Iot", "Smart Irrigation System" ] }, "subsetList": { "subset": [ { "code": "IM", "name": "Index Medicus" } ] }, "fullTextUrlList": { "fullTextUrl": [ { "availability": "Subscription required", "availabilityCode": "S", "documentStyle": "doi", "site": "DOI", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33826-6" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "html", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12820134" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "pdf", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12820134?pdf=render" } ] }, "isOpenAccess": "Y", "inEPMC": "Y", "inPMC": "Y", "hasPDF": "Y", "hasBook": "N", "hasSuppl": "N", "citedByCount": 0, "hasData": "Y", "hasReferences": "Y", "hasTextMinedTerms": "Y", "hasDbCrossReferences": "N", "hasLabsLinks": "N", "license": "cc by", "hasEvaluations": "N", "authMan": "N", "epmcAuthMan": "N", "nihAuthMan": "N", "hasTMAccessionNumbers": "Y", "tmAccessionTypeList": { "accessionType": [ "doi" ] }, "dateOfCreation": "2026-01-16", "firstIndexDate": "2026-01-18", "fullTextReceivedDate": "2026-01-22", "dateOfRevision": "2026-01-23", "electronicPublicationDate": "2026-01-16", "firstPublicationDate": "2026-01-16" }, { "id": "41835280", "source": "MED", "pmid": "41835280", "pmcid": "PMC12979496", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC12979496" ] }, "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2026.1785126", "title": "Nutrient release and yield comparison between customized organic and conventional fertilizers in hydroponic lettuce production.", "authorString": "Son S, Hoagland L, Deering A, Wei-Kocsis J, Nemali K.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "Son S", "firstName": "Sangrak", "lastName": "Son", "initials": "S", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Hoagland L", "firstName": "Lori", "lastName": "Hoagland", "initials": "L", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Deering A", "firstName": "Amanda", "lastName": "Deering", "initials": "A", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Wei-Kocsis J", "firstName": "Jin", "lastName": "Wei-Kocsis", "initials": "J", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Nemali K", "firstName": "Krishna", "lastName": "Nemali", "initials": "K", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States." } ] } } ] }, "dataLinksTagsList": { "dataLinkstag": [ "altmetrics", "supporting_data" ] }, "journalInfo": { "volume": "17", "journalIssueId": 4112080, "dateOfPublication": "2026 ", "monthOfPublication": 0, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-01-01", "journal": { "title": "Frontiers in plant science", "medlineAbbreviation": "Front Plant Sci", "essn": "1664-462X", "issn": "1664-462X", "isoabbreviation": "Front Plant Sci", "nlmid": "101568200" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "1785126", "abstractText": "Hydroponic operations can receive organic labelling in the US. Organic labelling has the potential to increase profits in hydroponic production as organic products are sold at a premium price. Nutrient uptake by plants follows a sigmoidal pattern, with approximately a third of the nutrients taken during the lag (slow growth) phase and the remaining two-thirds of nutrients taken by plants during the log (rapid growth) phase. Nutrient release from fertilizers should match nutrient demand from plants for optimal crop growth. There is limited information about nutrient release from organic fertilizers, their uptake by plants, and the overall effect on crop yield in hydroponic production. Eight lettuce cultivars, belonging to four morphological groups and two leaf colors, were grown in containers filled with peat-based substrate containing either customized organic or conventional fertilizer mixes with a similar quantity of different nutrient elements. Reverse osmosis water was used to sub-irrigate plants in a recycling hydroponic system. Crop yield and nutrient release differences between organic and conventional treatments were quantified in the study. Results indicated that the average fresh shoot biomass of lettuce cultivars was approximately 36% lower in the organic than in the conventional fertilizer treatment. However, plants in both treatments visibly appeared to be of similar quality. The electrical conductivity of the substrate (i.e., total soluble nutrients in the root zone) was significantly lower during the exponential (or rapid) growth stage (0.80 vs 1.23 dS.m-1), indicating lower nutrient availability for plants in organic than conventional treatment. Further, biomass reduction in organic compared to conventional treatment was larger for fast-growing varieties and green than red leaf cultivars, suggesting greater yield losses in cultivars with higher nutrient demand. Interestingly, a high dose of customized organic fertilizer (approximately twice) incorporated into the substrate resulted in a comparable yield (48.9 g·plant-¹) with that of the conventional fertilizer treatment (45.8 g·plant-¹). However, a significant quantity of residual nutrients was found in the substrate of the customized high-dose organic fertilizer treatment. A high dose of customized organic mix plus a strategy to reuse the substrate can potentially increase yield and nutrient use in hydroponic production.", "affiliation": "Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.", "publicationStatus": "epublish", "language": "eng", "pubModel": "Electronic-eCollection", "pubTypeList": { "pubType": [ "research-article", "Journal Article" ] }, "keywordList": { "keyword": [ "Electrical conductivity", "Leaf color", "Growth Rate", "Plant Tissue Analysis", "Residual Fertilizer" ] }, "fullTextUrlList": { "fullTextUrl": [ { "availability": "Subscription required", "availabilityCode": "S", "documentStyle": "doi", "site": "DOI", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1785126" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "html", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12979496" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "pdf", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12979496?pdf=render" } ] }, "isOpenAccess": "Y", "inEPMC": "Y", "inPMC": "Y", "hasPDF": "Y", "hasBook": "N", "hasSuppl": "N", "citedByCount": 0, "hasData": "Y", "hasReferences": "Y", "hasTextMinedTerms": "Y", "hasDbCrossReferences": "N", "hasLabsLinks": "Y", "license": "cc by", "hasEvaluations": "N", "authMan": "N", "epmcAuthMan": "N", "nihAuthMan": "N", "hasTMAccessionNumbers": "Y", "tmAccessionTypeList": { "accessionType": [ "doi" ] }, "dateOfCompletion": "2026-03-16", "dateOfCreation": "2026-03-16", "firstIndexDate": "2026-03-16", "fullTextReceivedDate": "2026-03-14", "dateOfRevision": "2026-08-13", "electronicPublicationDate": "2026-02-26", "firstPublicationDate": "2026-02-26" }, { "id": "41901478", "source": "MED", "pmid": "41901478", "pmcid": "PMC13030581", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC13030581" ] }, "doi": "10.3390/plants15060961", "title": "Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on the Physiology of Horticultural Plants.", "authorString": "Bantis F, Zervoudakis G.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "Bantis F", "firstName": "Filippos", "lastName": "Bantis", "initials": "F", "authorId": { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0001-6470-2333" }, "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Zervoudakis G", "firstName": "George", "lastName": "Zervoudakis", "initials": "G", "authorId": { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-3073-8108" }, "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Agriculture, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece." } ] } } ] }, "authorIdList": { "authorId": [ { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0001-6470-2333" }, { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-3073-8108" } ] }, "journalInfo": { "issue": "6", "volume": "15", "journalIssueId": 4161752, "dateOfPublication": "2026 Mar", "monthOfPublication": 3, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-03-01", "journal": { "title": "Plants (Basel, Switzerland)", "medlineAbbreviation": "Plants (Basel)", "essn": "2223-7747", "issn": "2223-7747", "isoabbreviation": "Plants (Basel)", "nlmid": "101596181" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "961", "abstractText": "Horticultural crops comprise a diverse group of intensively cultivated plant species including vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, and medicinal or aromatic crops, which are typically characterized by high economic value, intensive management, and strong dependence on environmental conditions [...].", "affiliation": "Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece.", "publicationStatus": "epublish", "language": "eng", "pubModel": "Electronic", "pubTypeList": { "pubType": [ "Editorial" ] }, "fullTextUrlList": { "fullTextUrl": [ { "availability": "Subscription required", 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"electronicPublicationDate": "2026-03-20", "firstPublicationDate": "2026-03-20" }, { "id": "42136621", "source": "MED", "pmid": "42136621", "pmcid": "PMC13170604", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC13170604" ] }, "doi": "10.1021/acssuschemeng.6c02426", "title": "Olive Mill Wastewater: A Sustainable Natural Solution for Nitrate Contamination Control in Agricultural Systems and Quality Enhancement of Multileaf Lettuce Cultivation.", "authorString": "Hernández Fernández A, Iniesta Lopez E, Garrido Y, Sánchez Zurano A, Pérez de Los Ríos A, Hernández Fernández FJ.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "Hernández Fernández A", "firstName": "Adrián", "lastName": "Hernández Fernández", "initials": "A", "authorId": { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-2148-8039" }, "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Iniesta Lopez E", "firstName": "Eduardo", "lastName": "Iniesta Lopez", "initials": "E", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Garrido Y", "firstName": "Yolanda", "lastName": "Garrido", "initials": "Y", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Sánchez Zurano A", "firstName": "Ana", "lastName": "Sánchez Zurano", "initials": "A", "authorId": { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-9746-2935" }, "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Pérez de Los Ríos A", "firstName": "Antonia", "lastName": "Pérez de Los Ríos", "initials": "A", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Hernández Fernández FJ", "firstName": "Francisco José", "lastName": "Hernández Fernández", "initials": "FJ", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain." } ] } } ] }, "authorIdList": { "authorId": [ { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-2148-8039" }, { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-9746-2935" } ] }, "dataLinksTagsList": { "dataLinkstag": [ "supporting_data" ] }, "journalInfo": { "issue": "18", "volume": "14", "journalIssueId": 4194167, "dateOfPublication": "2026 May", "monthOfPublication": 5, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-05-01", "journal": { "title": "ACS sustainable chemistry & engineering", "medlineAbbreviation": "ACS Sustain Chem Eng", "essn": "2168-0485", "issn": "2168-0485", "isoabbreviation": "ACS Sustain Chem Eng", "nlmid": "101608852" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "8931-8944", "abstractText": "The search for sustainable alternatives to synthetic nitrification inhibitors (SNIs) is critical for reducing agricultural nitrogen losses and environmental impact. This study assessed the effects of low concentrations (5, 10, and 50 mg phenolics•L-1) of olive mill wastewater (OMW) soluble fraction on nitrogen dynamics, phytotoxicity, and quality traits of Lactuca sativa L. cultivated under controlled soil conditions simulating field conditions. Treatments included a positive control with ammonium fertilization (Control P) and Dicyandiamide (DCD) as an SNI treatment (P+DCD 25 mg/L). P+DCD 25 mg/L and P+OMW 50 mg/L reduced nitrate (NO3 -) leaching by 81% and 65% and nitrite (NO2 -) leaching by 93% and 54%, respectively, compared to Control P (p < 0.05). However, the former increased ammonium (NH4 +) leaching by 59%, while the latter reduced it by 34%. As a result, total inorganic nitrogen leaching was similarly reduced under both treatments61% and 58%, respectively. Lower concentrations of the OMW soluble fraction had no significant effect on nitrogen dynamics or crop performance. At 50 mg phenolics/L, the OMW soluble fraction enhanced lettuce growth and fresh biomass by over 50% compared to Control P, without phytotoxic effects, and preserved leaf morphology and coloration within the typical ranges reported for Lactuca sativa L. under optimal cultivation. Leaf NO3 - contents remained below EU regulatory limits in all treatments. Also, significant matrix interferences were detected during HPLC-UV/vis quantification of NO2 - in lettuce tissues, highlighting the need for complementary analytical methods in leafy vegetables. These findings support the valorization of agro-industrial byproducts within a circular economy approach to improve nitrogen use efficiency and crop quality in sustainable horticultural systems.", "affiliation": "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.", "publicationStatus": "epublish", "language": "eng", "pubModel": "Electronic-eCollection", "pubTypeList": { "pubType": [ "research-article", "Journal Article" ] }, "keywordList": { "keyword": [ "Lactuca sativa L.", "Circular economy", "Nitrogen leaching", "Biological Nitrification Inhibition", "Agro-industrial Byproducts" ] }, "fullTextUrlList": { "fullTextUrl": [ { "availability": "Subscription required", "availabilityCode": "S", "documentStyle": "doi", "site": "DOI", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6c02426" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "html", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13170604" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "pdf", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13170604?pdf=render" } ] }, "isOpenAccess": "Y", "inEPMC": "Y", "inPMC": "Y", "hasPDF": "Y", "hasBook": "N", "hasSuppl": "Y", "citedByCount": 0, "hasData": "Y", "hasReferences": "Y", "hasTextMinedTerms": "Y", "hasDbCrossReferences": "N", "hasLabsLinks": "N", "license": "cc by", "hasEvaluations": "N", "authMan": "N", "epmcAuthMan": "N", "nihAuthMan": "N", "hasTMAccessionNumbers": "Y", "tmAccessionTypeList": { "accessionType": [ "doi" ] }, "dateOfCreation": "2026-05-15", "firstIndexDate": "2026-05-16", "fullTextReceivedDate": "2026-05-20", "dateOfRevision": "2026-08-13", "electronicPublicationDate": "2026-04-27", "firstPublicationDate": "2026-04-27" }, { "id": "42291210", "source": "MED", "pmid": "42291210", "pmcid": "PMC13264035", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC13264035" ] }, "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2026.116266", "title": "Climate dependent feasibility of closing water and nutrient cycles in industrial aqua-agriculture.", "authorString": "de Korte M, Bergman J, Gerard van Willigenburg L, Lobanov V, Joyce A, Cheng X, Keesman KJ.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "de Korte M", "firstName": "Milan", "lastName": "de Korte", "initials": "M", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Bergman J", "firstName": "Joris", "lastName": "Bergman", "initials": "J", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden 8911 AD, the Netherlands." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Gerard van Willigenburg L", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Gerard van Willigenburg", "initials": "L", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Lobanov V", "firstName": "Victor", "lastName": "Lobanov", "initials": "V", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Marine Science, Gothenburg University, Box 461, Göteborg 40530, Sweden." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Joyce A", "firstName": "Alyssa", "lastName": "Joyce", "initials": "A", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Marine Science, Gothenburg University, Box 461, Göteborg 40530, Sweden." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Cheng X", "firstName": "Xiaodong", "lastName": "Cheng", "initials": "X", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Keesman KJ", "firstName": "Karel J", "lastName": "Keesman", "initials": "KJ", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands." } ] } } ] }, "dataLinksTagsList": { "dataLinkstag": [ "supporting_data" ] }, "journalInfo": { "issue": "6", "volume": "29", "journalIssueId": 4192645, "dateOfPublication": "2026 Jun", "monthOfPublication": 6, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-06-01", "journal": { "title": "iScience", "medlineAbbreviation": "iScience", "essn": "2589-0042", "issn": "2589-0042", "isoabbreviation": "iScience", "nlmid": "101724038" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "116266", "abstractText": "In integrated aqua-agriculture, matching waste-derived nutrient supply with crop demand while maintaining optimal fish and crop conditions remains challenging. We formulate a closed-loop aquaculture-hydroponics network with anaerobic digestion as a constrained optimal-control problem and combine static sizing with climate-driven dynamic flow optimization for contrasting climates. Under weak seasonality (Jakarta), internal wastes (aquaculture water, fish sludge, and plant residues) support discharge-free operation with water, nitrogen, and phosphorus use-efficiencies of 100%, 79%, and 72%. As seasonality increases (Cairo, Amsterdam), feasibility and robustness decline due to shifting demand and limited phosphorus recoverability. Using manure as co-digestion substrate restores closed-cycle operation without synthetic fertilizers. The optimizer prefers pig manure in Cairo and chicken manure in Amsterdam, reflecting climate-specific N:P deficits. Relative to climate-matched decoupled aquaponics, optimized integrated networks cut water, nitrogen, and phosphorus waste by 86%, 46%, and 35%. Overall, the framework enables climate-robust design of circular aqua-agriculture networks, reducing resource use and pollution.", "affiliation": "Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.", "publicationStatus": "epublish", "language": "eng", "pubModel": "Electronic-eCollection", "pubTypeList": { "pubType": [ "research-article", "Journal Article" ] }, "grantsList": { "grant": [ { "agency": "Horizon 2020 Framework Programme", "orderIn": 0 }, { "grantId": "862555", "agency": "Horizon 2020", "orderIn": 0 } ] }, "keywordList": { "keyword": [ "Aquaculture", "Agricultural engineering", "Farming Management", "Relation Between Agriculture And Environment" ] }, "fullTextUrlList": { "fullTextUrl": [ { "availability": "Subscription required", "availabilityCode": "S", "documentStyle": "doi", "site": "DOI", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.116266" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "html", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13264035" }, { "availability": "Open access", "availabilityCode": "OA", "documentStyle": "pdf", "site": "Europe_PMC", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13264035?pdf=render" } ] }, "isOpenAccess": "Y", "inEPMC": "Y", "inPMC": "Y", "hasPDF": "Y", "hasBook": "N", "hasSuppl": "Y", "citedByCount": 0, "hasData": "Y", "hasReferences": "Y", "hasTextMinedTerms": "Y", "hasDbCrossReferences": "N", "hasLabsLinks": "N", "license": "cc by", "hasEvaluations": "N", "authMan": "N", "epmcAuthMan": "N", "nihAuthMan": "N", "hasTMAccessionNumbers": "Y", "tmAccessionTypeList": { "accessionType": [ "doi" ] }, "dateOfCompletion": "2026-06-15", "dateOfCreation": "2026-06-15", "firstIndexDate": "2026-06-16", "fullTextReceivedDate": "2026-06-24", "dateOfRevision": "2026-08-13", "electronicPublicationDate": "2026-06-08", "firstPublicationDate": "2026-06-08" }, { "id": "41876743", "source": "MED", "pmid": "41876743", "pmcid": "PMC13168658", "fullTextIdList": { "fullTextId": [ "PMC13168658" ] }, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-44508-2", "title": "Interactive effects of electrical conductivity and light intensity on growth, yield, and nutrient dynamics of hydroponic lettuce.", "authorString": "Akter N, Cammarisano L, Ahamed MS.", "authorList": { "author": [ { "fullName": "Akter N", "firstName": "Nazmin", "lastName": "Akter", "initials": "N", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Cammarisano L", "firstName": "Laura", "lastName": "Cammarisano", "initials": "L", "authorId": { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-9933-1218" }, "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA. lcammarisano@ucdavis.edu." } ] } }, { "fullName": "Ahamed MS", "firstName": "Md Shamim", "lastName": "Ahamed", "initials": "MS", "authorAffiliationDetailsList": { "authorAffiliation": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA. mahamed@ucdavis.edu." } ] } } ] }, "authorIdList": { "authorId": [ { "type": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-9933-1218" } ] }, "dataLinksTagsList": { "dataLinkstag": [ "supporting_data" ] }, "journalInfo": { "issue": "1", "volume": "16", "journalIssueId": 4136188, "dateOfPublication": "2026 Mar", "monthOfPublication": 3, "yearOfPublication": 2026, "printPublicationDate": "2026-03-01", "journal": { "title": "Scientific reports", "medlineAbbreviation": "Sci Rep", "essn": "2045-2322", "issn": "2045-2322", "isoabbreviation": "Sci Rep", "nlmid": "101563288" } }, "pubYear": "2026", "pageInfo": "14803", "abstractText": "Precise management of nutrient solution properties, such as electrical conductivity (EC), and environmental factors, such as light intensity (LI), is essential for optimizing crop yield and quality in hydroponic production. This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of two EC ranges (EC1: 1.5-2.0 dS m-1; EC2: 4.5-6.0 dS m-1) and three LI levels (L1 = 145, L2 = 185, and L3 = 240 μmol m-2 s-1) on the growth, yield, leaf mineral uptake, and nitrate accumulation of butterhead lettuce grown in hydroponic system under artificial lighting. The greatest leaf area (1338.31 cm2) and yield (57.97 g plant-1) were observed in EC1L3 treatment, corresponding to reductions of 75% and 77.2%, respectively, compared to EC2L3 (330.79 cm2 and 13.98 g plant-1), indicating the adverse effects of salinity stress. Furthermore, within the same EC1 level, LI positively impacted yield, which increased by 47% under EC1L3 compared to EC1L1. Mineral composition analysis revealed that EC2 significantly reduced the uptake of essential macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) and micronutrients boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu), whereas LI had no significant effect, except for a minor interaction in B uptake. An inverse correlation ([Formula: see text]= -0.80) between solution and leaf nitrate levels was observed; however, leaf nitrate content was low and did not differ significantly across treatments. This closed-loop hydroponic study in a vertical cultivation setup offers practical insights for efficient controlled environment agriculture (CEA) systems. The results highlight that the interaction between EC and LI plays a significant role in influencing lettuce morphology and yield, but not mineral uptake. Maintaining EC between 1.5 and 2.0 dS m-1 and LI at 240 µmol m-2 s-1 resulted in the highest growth and yield under the tested conditions. 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