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Drought stress significantly hinders the growth and productivity of many crops, including lentil. Hence, improving our understanding of the genetic and molecular bases underlying drought response is essential for mitigating yield losses under water-limited conditions. The primary objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with various morpho-physiological traits using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and to identify putative candidate genes contributing to drought tolerance in lentil.Result
A F7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed to map QTLs for morpho-physiological traits including root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, drought score, seedling survivability, relative water content, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activities and seed yield/plant under controlled (hydroponic) and rainout shelter conditions over multiple drought environments during 2021-2024. A 'hotspot QTL' cluster consisting of six QTLs was detected for drought tolerance related traits viz. seed yield/plant, fresh weight of roots and shoots and chlorophyll content on linkage group 7. These QTLs detected under four environments were found to be strongly linked with drought tolerance and explained 48.83% phenotypic variance on a cumulative basis. Furthermore, the hotspot harboured several drought responsive functionally annotated genes.Conclusion
The present study provides valuable insights into QTLs and SNPs associated with drought tolerance in lentil. The identification of a robust QTL hotspot region, together with key candidate genes, offers promising targets for fine mapping and development of marker assisted breeding strategies aimed at improving drought tolerance in lentil.",
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"title": "Variation of Seed Yield and Nutritional Quality Traits of Lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> Medikus) Under Heat and Combined Heat and Drought Stresses.",
"authorString": "Choukri H, Aloui K, El Haddad N, Hejjaoui K, Smouni A, Kumar S, Kumar S.",
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"abstractText": "Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is a critical food crop offering high protein and essential micronutrients. However, its productivity and nutritional quality are increasingly threatened by climate change. In this study, 36 lentil genotypes were evaluated across two Moroccan locations under normal, heat stress, and combined heat and drought stresses. Significant effects of genotype, environment, and their interactions were observed on seed yield, seed size, cooking time, and nutritional quality. Heat and drought stresses caused substantial reductions in seed yield (up to 40% under combined stress), protein content, iron, and zinc concentration, and increased phytic acid levels, which negatively impacted iron and zinc bioavailability. Cooking time significantly decreased under stress conditions, with up to 54% reduction under combined heat and drought stresses at Annoceur research station. Correlation analysis revealed complex trade-offs among yield, nutritional quality, and cooking traits under stress conditions. Principal component analysis and GGE biplot analyses identified genotypes with superior yield, micronutrient concentration, and cooking time stability across environments. Genotypes such as G32, G3, and G36 combined high iron and zinc levels; G13 and G30 showed low phytic acid, while G 15 exhibited the shortest cooking time. These genotypes also demonstrated adaptability across the tested environment. This study highlights the potential of selecting climate-resilient, nutrient-dense lentil genotypes to support breeding efforts aimed at improving food security in the face of global climate variability. These genotypes can be suggested as elite climate-resilient parental lines to support breeders in enhancing lentil yield, nutritional quality, and stability under multiple stress conditions.",
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"abstractText": "Background
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an important legume crop cultivated predominantly under dryland conditions where water deficit stress frequently limits yield. Understanding key yield-related and physiological traits that influence grain production under drought is essential for developing effective mitigation strategies. This study aimed to identify these traits and to evaluate the potential of growth regulators and bacterial inoculation to alleviate the effects of water stress in lentils.Results
Field studies were conducted as a factorial experiment over two consecutive years using combinations of Pseudomonas fluorescens seed inoculation and foliar application of spermidine (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) and melatonin (0, 50, and 100 μM). Analysis of variance revealed significant effects for all treatments and their interactions on agronomic traits, yield components, and physiological parameters. Stepwise regression analysis showed that 100-seed weight, number of seeds per plant, and stem dry weight had the greatest direct positive effects on seed yield, whereas leaf dry weight had a negative effect. Among physiological traits, soluble sugars, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant enzyme activity were positively associated with yield, whereas total phenols, flavonoids, and malondialdehyde were major negative contributors. The combined application of 100 μM melatonin and 1 mM spermidine significantly improved sugar accumulation, photosynthetic pigment content, and antioxidant enzyme activity while reducing oxidative damage indicators.Conclusion
The integration of biochemical and statistical analyses effectively identified key traits driving lentil yield under drought stress. Foliar application of melatonin and spermidine also shows promise as an agronomic practice to improve lentil tolerance and productivity in water-limited environments. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.",
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"abstractText": "Climate change in the Pannonian region is accelerating a shift toward autumn sowing of cool-season grain legumes (pea, faba bean, lentil, chickpea, lupine) to achieve higher yields, greater biomass production, enhanced nitrogen fixation, improved soil cover, and superior resource use efficiency compared with spring sowing. However, successful overwintering depends on the availability of robust winter-hardy cultivars. This review synthesizes recent breeding advances, integrating traditional approaches-such as germplasm screening, hybridization, and field-based selection-with genomics-assisted strategies, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and CRISPR/Cas-mediated editing of CBF transcription factors. Key physiological mechanisms-LT50 determination, cold acclimation, osmoprotectant accumulation (sugars, proline), and membrane stability-are assessed using field survival rates, electrolyte leakage assays, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Despite challenges posed by genotype × environment interactions, variable winter severity, and polygenic trait control, the release of cultivars worldwide (e.g., 'NS-Mraz', 'Lavinia F', 'Ghab series', 'Pinklevi', and 'Rézi') and ongoing breeding programs demonstrate substantial progress. Future breeding efforts will increasingly rely on genomic selection (GS), high-throughput phenomics, pangenomics, and G×E modeling to accelerate the development of climate-resilient legume cultivars, ensuring stable and sustainable production under increasingly unpredictable winter conditions.",
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"abstractText": "The rising global population demands a 70% increase in crop production to satisfy future food needs. This challenge requires a collaborative effort to boost food production while maintaining sustainable agricultural practices. While common chemical fertilizers can promote plant growth and yield, their overuse damages soil biota and fertility and pollutes the environment. Therefore, nanofertilizers are emerging as a promising alternative to conventional options, helping to reduce environmental impact and becoming essential for future farming. Bionanofertilizers are advanced materials made of nanoscale particles and beneficial microbes engineered to supply vital macro- and micronutrients. They improve nutrient efficiency and lessen environmental harm. These fertilizers provide controlled nutrient release, targeted delivery, and better bioavailability, overcoming the limitations of traditional fertilizers such as nutrient loss, soil degradation, and pollution. They promote plant growth, photosynthesis, and stress resistance, while also enhancing soil health and decreasing application frequency and costs. The need for nanofertilizers is 30 to 100 times lower than that for chemical fertilizers, making them more economical. On average, they increase yields by 24 to 32% across various crops and soil types. This review assesses evidence suggesting that bionanofertilizers can transform agricultural practices and provide sustainable, eco-friendly solutions for enhancing soil health and crop management.",
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"abstractText": "Grain legume crops are rich in nutritional value and play a crucial role in global food sustainability. Like many other crops, they are affected by various abiotic stresses that reduce yield and seed quality, thereby threatening food security. Several strategies have been proposed to mitigate these effects and enhance yield. Among them, the use of biostimulants offers a sustainable and efficient approach to improving stress tolerance in the short term. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of individual or combined molecules remain poorly understood and could significantly influence the development of edited crops with enhanced stress tolerance in the long term. Melatonin (MT) has emerged as a versatile biostimulant, providing multiple benefits across different crop species. Given its key role in plant physiological processes, along with endogenous production, receptor identification, and signaling functions, it has been suggested to act as a hormone-like molecule. Nonetheless, the molecular response triggered by its application remains under investigation, particularly in grain legume species. This review explores the current state of MT applications for alleviating abiotic stress in grain legume crops, with emphasis on drought, salinity, metals/metalloids, and heat stress. We integrate biochemical, molecular, and physiological evidence to highlight the main scientific gaps regarding MT function in grain legumes. Finally, we discuss the biotechnological prospects of combining MT with modern breeding tools, as well as strategies for its delivery and sustainable production.",
"affiliation": "Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile.",
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"language": "eng",
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"grantId": "ANID Fondecyt Postdoctorado 3250436, ANID Anillo ATE230007",
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"Legumes",
"Abiotic stress",
"Biostimulants"
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"dateOfCompletion": "2025-11-13",
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